Electronegativity Chart & Trends

Name: Pauling Electronegativity Values — All 118 Elements
Creator: Toni Tech Solution
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Complete interactive electronegativity chart, trend graph, and bond predictor for all 118 elements. Explore the Pauling scale, test your knowledge with games, and master chemical bonds.

Fluorine: 3.98 — HighestFrancium: 0.70 — LowestAll 118 Elements Mapped

H2.2

HeN/A

Li0.98

Be1.57

B2.04

C2.55

N3.04

O3.44

F3.98

NeN/A

Na0.93

Mg1.31

Al1.61

Si1.9

P2.19

S2.58

Cl3.16

ArN/A

K0.82

Ca1

Sc1.36

Ti1.54

V1.63

Cr1.66

Mn1.55

Fe1.83

Co1.88

Ni1.91

Cu1.9

Zn1.65

Ga1.81

Ge2.01

As2.18

Se2.55

Br2.96

Kr3

Rb0.82

Sr0.95

Y1.22

Zr1.33

Nb1.6

Mo2.16

Tc1.9

Ru2.2

Rh2.28

Pd2.2

Ag1.93

Cd1.69

In1.78

Sn1.96

Sb2.05

Te2.1

I2.66

Xe2.6

Cs0.79

Ba0.89

Lu1.27

Hf1.3

Ta1.5

W2.36

Re1.9

Os2.2

Ir2.2

Pt2.28

Au2.54

Hg2

Tl1.62

Pb2.33

Bi2.02

Po2

At2.2

Rn2.2

Fr0.7

Ra0.9

Lr1.3

RfN/A

DbN/A

SgN/A

BhN/A

HsN/A

MtN/A

DsN/A

RgN/A

CnN/A

NhN/A

FlN/A

McN/A

LvN/A

TsN/A

OgN/A

La1.1

Ce1.12

Pr1.13

Nd1.14

Pm1.13

Sm1.17

Eu1.2

Gd1.2

Tb1.1

Dy1.22

Ho1.23

Er1.24

Tm1.25

Yb1.1

Ac1.1

Th1.3

Pa1.5

U1.38

Np1.36

Pu1.28

Am1.13

Cm1.28

Bk1.3

Cf1.3

Es1.3

Fm1.3

Md1.3

No1.3

EN Legend:

ΔEN Calculator

χA — Element A

χB — Element B

Pauling Scale Reference

F3.98Highest

O3.44Very high

N3.04High

Cl3.16High halogen

C2.55Midpoint

H2.2Reference

Na0.93Low metal

Fr0.7Lowest

Bond Type Thresholds

Below 0.4	Nonpolar
0.4 – 1.7	Polar Cov.
Above 1.7	Ionic

What is Electronegativity? It measures how strongly an atom attracts shared electrons within a chemical bond. Values on the Pauling scale range from 0.70 (Francium, lowest) to 3.98 (Fluorine, highest). Electronegativity increases left to right across a period and decreases top to bottom down a group.

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What is Electronegativity?

Electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract shared electrons toward itself within a chemical bond. Measured on the Pauling scale (0.70–3.98), it determines whether a bond is ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent. Fluorine (3.98) has the highest electronegativity; Francium (0.70) has the lowest.

Define Electronegativity in Chemistry

Introduced by Linus Pauling in 1932, electronegativity is a dimensionless and relative property calculated from bond dissociation energies. It specifically applies to atoms participating in covalent bonds. Unlike a direct measurement of energy, it serves as a reliable predictive index. Pauling's insight revolutionized structural chemistry by quantifying how "unequally" electrons are shared. (Reference: Pauling, L. (1932). "The Nature of the Chemical Bond." Journal of the American Chemical Society).

Electronegativity — Simple Explanation

Think of a covalent bond as a tug-of-war for electrons. Electronegativity is simply how strongly an atom pulls on the rope. In a water molecule (H₂O), Oxygen is far more electronegative than Hydrogen. Oxygen wins the tug-of-war, pulling the shared electrons closer to itself. This makes the Oxygen end slightly negative (δ−) and the Hydrogen ends slightly positive (δ+).

What Does Electronegativity Mean in Practice?

In practice, chemists use it to predict bond behavior using three thresholds: If the difference (ΔEN) is below 0.4, it is a nonpolar covalent bond (e.g., Cl₂). If ΔEN is between 0.4 and 1.7, it is a polar covalent bond (e.g., HCl). If ΔEN is above 1.7, it is an ionic bond (e.g., NaCl).

Electronegativity vs Electron Affinity

Electronegativity describes an atom's electron-attracting power within an existing covalent bond and is a relative dimensionless scale. Electron affinity is the actual energy released (measured in kJ/mol) when an isolated gaseous atom gains one electron. Both generally increase across a period, but they are measuring fundamentally different physical realities.

Pauling, Mulliken and Allred-Rochow Scales Compared

1. Pauling Scale

Created in 1932, ranges from 0.70 to 3.98, and is calculated from bond dissociation energies. It is the most widely used scale worldwide and the exclusive standard for exam boards. Cite: Pauling's original paper.

2. Mulliken Scale

Based on ionization energy (IE) and electron affinity (EA). Formula: χM = (IE + EA) / 2. Conversion to Pauling: χPauling ≈ 0.187 × χMulliken + 0.17. Primarily used in strict quantum chemistry contexts.

3. Allred-Rochow Scale

Based on effective nuclear charge (Zeff) and covalent radius (r). Formula: χAR = 0.744 + (3590 × Zeff) / r². More accurate for certain metallic bonding and crystallographic contexts.

Recommendation: For all AP Chemistry, JEE Main, JEE Advanced, CBSE, and GCSE exams, use Pauling values exclusively to avoid confusion.

Why Does Electronegativity Increase Across a Period?

Electronegativity increases left to right across a period because nuclear charge increases while the number of electron shells stays the same. Each additional proton pulls bonding electrons more strongly. Shielding from inner electrons remains nearly constant. In Period 2: Li (0.98) → Be (1.57) → B (2.04) → C (2.55) → N (3.04) → O (3.44) → F (3.98).

This is driven by Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff = Z − σ). Because electrons are being added to the same valence shell, they do not shield each other effectively. The increasing positive pull from the nucleus dominates, shrinking the atomic radius and violently tugging on shared bonding electrons. Noble gases are excluded from this trend as they do not typically form bonds.

Element	Symbol	Z	EN Value	Zeff (approx.)
Lithium	Li	3	0.98	+1.28
Beryllium	Be	4	1.57	+1.91
Boron	B	5	2.04	+2.42
Carbon	C	6	2.55	+3.14
Nitrogen	N	7	3.04	+3.83
Oxygen	O	8	3.44	+4.45
Fluorine	F	9	3.98	+5.10

Why Does Electronegativity Decrease Down a Group?

Electronegativity decreases down a group because each new period adds an electron shell. More shells mean more shielding between the nucleus and the bonding electrons. The valence electrons sit farther from the nucleus and experience less attraction. In Group 17: F (3.98) → Cl (3.16) → Br (2.96) → I (2.66) → At (2.20).

The shielding mechanism overpowers the increase in nuclear charge. As atomic radius grows dramatically moving down a group, the nucleus is simply too far away from the bonding electron pair to exert a strong pull. A notable advanced exception, often tested in JEE Advanced, involves the lanthanide contraction, where poor shielding by f-orbitals causes slight EN anomalies in Period 6 post-lanthanide elements.

Element	Period	EN Value	Atomic Radius (pm)
Fluorine	2	3.98	64
Chlorine	3	3.16	99
Bromine	4	2.96	114
Iodine	5	2.66	133
Astatine	6	2.20	150

Electronegativity Values — All 118 Elements

Atomic No.	Element	Symbol	Pauling EN	Period	Group	Category
1	Hydrogen	H	2.2	1	1	Nonmetal
2	Helium	He	N/A	1	18	Noble Gas
3	Lithium	Li	0.98	2	1	Alkali Metal
4	Beryllium	Be	1.57	2	2	Alkaline Earth Metal
5	Boron	B	2.04	2	13	Metalloid
6	Carbon	C	2.55	2	14	Nonmetal
7	Nitrogen	N	3.04	2	15	Nonmetal
8	Oxygen	O	3.44	2	16	Nonmetal
9	Fluorine	F	3.98	2	17	Halogen
10	Neon	Ne	N/A	2	18	Noble Gas
11	Sodium	Na	0.93	3	1	Alkali Metal
12	Magnesium	Mg	1.31	3	2	Alkaline Earth Metal
13	Aluminum	Al	1.61	3	13	Post-Transition Metal
14	Silicon	Si	1.9	3	14	Metalloid
15	Phosphorus	P	2.19	3	15	Nonmetal
16	Sulfur	S	2.58	3	16	Nonmetal
17	Chlorine	Cl	3.16	3	17	Halogen
18	Argon	Ar	N/A	3	18	Noble Gas
19	Potassium	K	0.82	4	1	Alkali Metal
20	Calcium	Ca	1	4	2	Alkaline Earth Metal
21	Scandium	Sc	1.36	4	3	Transition Metal
22	Titanium	Ti	1.54	4	4	Transition Metal
23	Vanadium	V	1.63	4	5	Transition Metal
24	Chromium	Cr	1.66	4	6	Transition Metal
25	Manganese	Mn	1.55	4	7	Transition Metal
26	Iron	Fe	1.83	4	8	Transition Metal
27	Cobalt	Co	1.88	4	9	Transition Metal
28	Nickel	Ni	1.91	4	10	Transition Metal
29	Copper	Cu	1.9	4	11	Transition Metal
30	Zinc	Zn	1.65	4	12	Transition Metal
31	Gallium	Ga	1.81	4	13	Post-Transition Metal
32	Germanium	Ge	2.01	4	14	Metalloid
33	Arsenic	As	2.18	4	15	Metalloid
34	Selenium	Se	2.55	4	16	Nonmetal
35	Bromine	Br	2.96	4	17	Halogen
36	Krypton	Kr	3	4	18	Noble Gas
37	Rubidium	Rb	0.82	5	1	Alkali Metal
38	Strontium	Sr	0.95	5	2	Alkaline Earth Metal
39	Yttrium	Y	1.22	5	3	Transition Metal
40	Zirconium	Zr	1.33	5	4	Transition Metal
41	Niobium	Nb	1.6	5	5	Transition Metal
42	Molybdenum	Mo	2.16	5	6	Transition Metal
43	Technetium	Tc	1.9	5	7	Transition Metal
44	Ruthenium	Ru	2.2	5	8	Transition Metal
45	Rhodium	Rh	2.28	5	9	Transition Metal
46	Palladium	Pd	2.2	5	10	Transition Metal
47	Silver	Ag	1.93	5	11	Transition Metal
48	Cadmium	Cd	1.69	5	12	Transition Metal
49	Indium	In	1.78	5	13	Post-Transition Metal
50	Tin	Sn	1.96	5	14	Post-Transition Metal
51	Antimony	Sb	2.05	5	15	Metalloid
52	Tellurium	Te	2.1	5	16	Metalloid
53	Iodine	I	2.66	5	17	Halogen
54	Xenon	Xe	2.6	5	18	Noble Gas
55	Cesium	Cs	0.79	6	1	Alkali Metal
56	Barium	Ba	0.89	6	2	Alkaline Earth Metal
57	Lanthanum	La	1.1	6	3	Lanthanide
58	Cerium	Ce	1.12	6	3	Lanthanide
59	Praseodymium	Pr	1.13	6	3	Lanthanide
60	Neodymium	Nd	1.14	6	3	Lanthanide
61	Promethium	Pm	1.13	6	3	Lanthanide
62	Samarium	Sm	1.17	6	3	Lanthanide
63	Europium	Eu	1.2	6	3	Lanthanide
64	Gadolinium	Gd	1.2	6	3	Lanthanide
65	Terbium	Tb	1.1	6	3	Lanthanide
66	Dysprosium	Dy	1.22	6	3	Lanthanide
67	Holmium	Ho	1.23	6	3	Lanthanide
68	Erbium	Er	1.24	6	3	Lanthanide
69	Thulium	Tm	1.25	6	3	Lanthanide
70	Ytterbium	Yb	1.1	6	3	Lanthanide
71	Lutetium	Lu	1.27	6	3	Lanthanide
72	Hafnium	Hf	1.3	6	4	Transition Metal
73	Tantalum	Ta	1.5	6	5	Transition Metal
74	Tungsten	W	2.36	6	6	Transition Metal
75	Rhenium	Re	1.9	6	7	Transition Metal
76	Osmium	Os	2.2	6	8	Transition Metal
77	Iridium	Ir	2.2	6	9	Transition Metal
78	Platinum	Pt	2.28	6	10	Transition Metal
79	Gold	Au	2.54	6	11	Transition Metal
80	Mercury	Hg	2	6	12	Transition Metal
81	Thallium	Tl	1.62	6	13	Post-Transition Metal
82	Lead	Pb	2.33	6	14	Post-Transition Metal
83	Bismuth	Bi	2.02	6	15	Post-Transition Metal
84	Polonium	Po	2	6	16	Metalloid
85	Astatine	At	2.2	6	17	Halogen
86	Radon	Rn	2.2	6	18	Noble Gas
87	Francium	Fr	0.7	7	1	Alkali Metal
88	Radium	Ra	0.9	7	2	Alkaline Earth Metal
89	Actinium	Ac	1.1	7	3	Actinide
90	Thorium	Th	1.3	7	3	Actinide
91	Protactinium	Pa	1.5	7	3	Actinide
92	Uranium	U	1.38	7	3	Actinide
93	Neptunium	Np	1.36	7	3	Actinide
94	Plutonium	Pu	1.28	7	3	Actinide
95	Americium	Am	1.13	7	3	Actinide
96	Curium	Cm	1.28	7	3	Actinide
97	Berkelium	Bk	1.3	7	3	Actinide
98	Californium	Cf	1.3	7	3	Actinide
99	Einsteinium	Es	1.3	7	3	Actinide
100	Fermium	Fm	1.3	7	3	Actinide
101	Mendelevium	Md	1.3	7	3	Actinide
102	Nobelium	No	1.3	7	3	Actinide
103	Lawrencium	Lr	1.3	7	3	Actinide
104	Rutherfordium	Rf	N/A	7	4	Transition Metal
105	Dubnium	Db	N/A	7	5	Transition Metal
106	Seaborgium	Sg	N/A	7	6	Transition Metal
107	Bohrium	Bh	N/A	7	7	Transition Metal
108	Hassium	Hs	N/A	7	8	Transition Metal
109	Meitnerium	Mt	N/A	7	9	Transition Metal
110	Darmstadtium	Ds	N/A	7	10	Transition Metal
111	Roentgenium	Rg	N/A	7	11	Transition Metal
112	Copernicium	Cn	N/A	7	12	Transition Metal
113	Nihonium	Nh	N/A	7	13	Post-Transition Metal
114	Flerovium	Fl	N/A	7	14	Post-Transition Metal
115	Moscovium	Mc	N/A	7	15	Post-Transition Metal
116	Livermorium	Lv	N/A	7	16	Post-Transition Metal
117	Tennessine	Ts	N/A	7	17	Halogen
118	Oganesson	Og	N/A	7	18	Noble Gas

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How Electronegativity Determines Bond Type

ΔEN Range	Bond Type	Example	Molecule
Below 0.4	Nonpolar Covalent	H–H, Cl–Cl, N≡N	H₂, Cl₂, N₂
0.4 to 1.7	Polar Covalent	O–H, N–H, H–Cl	H₂O, NH₃, HCl
Above 1.7	Ionic	Na–Cl (2.23), Mg–O (2.13)	NaCl, MgO

Electronegativity and Molecular Polarity

It is critical to distinguish between bond polarity and molecular polarity. CO₂ has polar C=O bonds (ΔEN = 0.89) but is a nonpolar molecule because its linear geometry causes the opposing dipoles to cancel exactly. This is the most common AP Chemistry trap question on this topic.

How to Find Electronegativity Difference — Step by Step

Look up Oxygen (3.44) and Hydrogen (2.20) from the Pauling scale.
Calculate the absolute difference: ΔEN = |3.44 − 2.20| = 1.24.
Analyze against the thresholds: 1.24 falls between 0.4 and 1.7, therefore it is a polar covalent bond.
Determine partial charges: Oxygen is more electronegative, so it receives the δ− charge, leaving Hydrogen as δ+.

Electronegativity on the AP Chemistry Exam

In the College Board AP Chemistry curriculum Unit 2 (Molecular and Ionic Compound Structure and Properties), electronegativity appears on virtually every exam. You must be able to correlate EN differences with dipole moments and intermolecular forces.

Practice Question:

Which of the following bonds has the greatest dipole moment? A) C-H, B) N-H, C) O-H, D) F-H

View Answer & Explanation

Correct Answer: D) F-H. Fluorine has the highest EN (3.98), and Hydrogen is 2.20. The ΔEN = 1.78 is the largest difference among the options, creating the strongest dipole moment.

Electronegativity for JEE Main and Advanced

NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 4 (Chemical Bonding). JEE Advanced frequently tests EN in organic reaction mechanisms. The more electronegative atom determines the direction of inductive effect and nucleophilic attack.

Assertion-Reasoning Type:

Assertion: The bond in HF is more polar than in HCl. Reason: Fluorine is more electronegative than Chlorine.

View Answer & Explanation

Correct Answer: Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A. ΔEN in HF (1.78) > ΔEN in HCl (0.96).

Electronegativity — CBSE Class 11 Guide

CBSE marks typically award 1 mark for stating the trend and 1 mark for the reason (shielding or Zeff). Remember to use the term "electrovalent bond" where CBSE textbook language prefers it over ionic bond in older contexts.

Frequently Asked Questions — Electronegativity

What is electronegativity?

Which element has the highest electronegativity?

Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all elements at 3.98 on the Pauling scale. This is because Fluorine has the highest effective nuclear charge relative to its atomic size — its 9 protons attract bonding electrons from a very small atomic radius of 64 pm with minimal shielding.

Which element has the lowest electronegativity?

Francium has the lowest electronegativity of all elements at 0.70 on the Pauling scale. As the heaviest alkali metal in Period 7, its single valence electron is shielded by 86 inner electrons across seven shells, sitting very far from the nucleus and experiencing minimal effective nuclear charge.

Why does electronegativity increase across a period?

Electronegativity increases left to right across a period because nuclear charge increases while electron shielding stays nearly constant. Each additional proton pulls bonding electrons more strongly. Electrons are added to the same shell, providing minimal additional shielding. In Period 2, values rise from Li (0.98) to F (3.98).

Why does electronegativity decrease down a group?

Electronegativity decreases down a group because each new period adds an electron shell. More shells mean more shielding between the nucleus and bonding electrons. Valence electrons sit farther from the nucleus and experience less attraction. In Group 17: F (3.98), Cl (3.16), Br (2.96), I (2.66), At (2.20).

What is the difference between electronegativity and electron affinity?

Electronegativity describes an atom's electron-attracting power within an existing covalent bond and is a dimensionless relative scale. Electron affinity is the energy released when an isolated gaseous atom in its ground state gains one electron and is measured in kJ/mol. Both increase across a period but measure different phenomena.

How do you find the electronegativity of an element?

Look up the element's Pauling scale value from a reference table — all 118 elements are listed on this page. If the exact value is not available, estimate using the periodic trend: EN increases left to right across a period and decreases top to bottom down a group. Fluorine is the reference maximum at 3.98.

How does electronegativity determine bond type?

The electronegativity difference (ΔEN) between two bonded atoms determines bond type. ΔEN below 0.4 indicates a nonpolar covalent bond. ΔEN between 0.4 and 1.7 indicates a polar covalent bond. ΔEN above 1.7 indicates an ionic bond. Example: NaCl has ΔEN = 2.23, making it ionic. Water (O–H) has ΔEN = 1.24, making it polar covalent.

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Emmanuel TUYISHIMIRE (Toni) — Principal Software Engineer, Toni Tech Solution

Technical AuthorFact CheckedLast Reviewed: June 2026

By Emmanuel TUYISHIMIRE · June 2026 · Last Reviewed June 2026

Emmanuel TUYISHIMIRE (Toni)

Principal Software Engineer & STEM Educator · Toni Tech Solution · Kigali, Rwanda

Toni cross-references every data value on this site against at least three authoritative sources: PubChem, NIST Chemistry WebBook, and the Royal Society of Chemistry. When sources conflict, all three are cited and the discrepancy is explained. Read the full methodology →

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Data Sources & References

All numerical values on this page are sourced from and cross-referenced against the following authoritative databases:

PubChem (National Library of Medicine)— Element property database, NCBI/NIH
NIST Chemistry WebBook— National Institute of Standards and Technology
Royal Society of Chemistry — Periodic Table— RSC authoritative element data
Pauling, L. (1932)— The Nature of the Chemical Bond, original electronegativity scale

Element-by-Element Electronegativity Database

Electronegativity of Hydrogen (H) — 2.2 on the Pauling Scale

Hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.2 on the Pauling scale. Hydrogen possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.2, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 1 and Group 1 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.2
Period	1
Group	1
Block	s
Category	Nonmetal
Atomic Radius	144 pm
EN Rank	17th highest

Trend Context

Occupies the extreme position in Period 1. Exhibits standard Group 1 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2H (Polar Covalent)
HO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Helium (He) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Helium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Helium is a noble gas, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Helium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	1
Group	18
Block	s
Category	Noble Gas
Atomic Radius	148 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Hydrogen to its left, lower than Lithium to its right in Period 1. Exhibits standard Group 18 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Lithium (Li) — 0.98 on the Pauling Scale

Lithium has an electronegativity of 0.98 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 0.98, Lithium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	0.98
Period	2
Group	1
Block	s
Category	Alkali Metal
Atomic Radius	118 pm
EN Rank	92th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Helium to its left, lower than Beryllium to its right in Period 2. Exhibits standard Group 1 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

LiCl (Ionic Bond)
Li2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Beryllium (Be) — 1.57 on the Pauling Scale

Beryllium has an electronegativity of 1.57 on the Pauling scale. Beryllium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.57, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 2 and Group 2 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.57
Period	2
Group	2
Block	s
Category	Alkaline Earth Metal
Atomic Radius	147 pm
EN Rank	52th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Lithium to its left, lower than Boron to its right in Period 2. Exhibits standard Group 2 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

BeCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Be2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Boron (B) — 2.04 on the Pauling Scale

Boron has an electronegativity of 2.04 on the Pauling scale. Boron possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.04, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 2 and Group 13 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.04
Period	2
Group	13
Block	p
Category	Metalloid
Atomic Radius	122 pm
EN Rank	29th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Beryllium to its left, lower than Carbon to its right in Period 2. Exhibits standard Group 13 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

BCl2 (Ionic Bond)
B2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Carbon (C) — 2.55 on the Pauling Scale

Carbon has an electronegativity of 2.55 on the Pauling scale. Carbon's EN of 2.55 sits almost exactly at the midpoint of the Pauling scale — a fact that makes it uniquely suited to form stable bonds with elements on both sides of the EN spectrum. Carbon bonds with high-EN Oxygen and Nitrogen to form functional groups, while bonding with low-EN Hydrogen to form the backbone of hydrocarbons. This diplomatic electronegativity is the chemical foundation of organic chemistry and, by extension, all of biochemistry. No other element occupies this central EN position with Carbon's bonding versatility.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.55
Period	2
Group	14
Block	p
Category	Nonmetal
Atomic Radius	143 pm
EN Rank	10th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Boron to its left, lower than Nitrogen to its right in Period 2. Exhibits standard Group 14 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2C (Polar Covalent)
CO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Nitrogen (N) — 3.04 on the Pauling Scale

Nitrogen has an electronegativity of 3.04 on the Pauling scale. Nitrogen's EN of 3.04 is slightly lower than Oxygen's 3.44, yet Nitrogen forms triple bonds more readily. This apparent contradiction resolves when you understand that EN predicts electron attraction in existing bonds, not bond formation tendency. The N≡N triple bond has a bond enthalpy of 945 kJ/mol — one of the strongest bonds in chemistry — and is held together by orbital overlap geometry, not EN alone. The EN difference is why ammonia (N–H bonds, ΔEN = 0.84) is polar covalent while N₂ itself is perfectly nonpolar.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	3.04
Period	2
Group	15
Block	p
Category	Nonmetal
Atomic Radius	109 pm
EN Rank	4th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Carbon to its left, lower than Oxygen to its right in Period 2. Exhibits standard Group 15 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2N (Polar Covalent)
NO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Oxygen (O) — 3.44 on the Pauling Scale

Oxygen has an electronegativity of 3.44 on the Pauling scale. Oxygen's EN of 3.44 creates a ΔEN of 1.24 with Carbon in C=O bonds — making each bond strongly polar. Yet CO₂ is a nonpolar molecule because its linear geometry causes both dipoles to cancel exactly. This polar-bonds-but-nonpolar-molecule situation is the most tested EN concept on the AP Chemistry exam and trips up the majority of students who do not understand the geometry factor.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	3.44
Period	2
Group	16
Block	p
Category	Nonmetal
Atomic Radius	136 pm
EN Rank	2th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Nitrogen to its left, lower than Fluorine to its right in Period 2. Exhibits standard Group 16 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2O (Polar Covalent)
OO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Fluorine (F) — 3.98 on the Pauling Scale

Fluorine has an electronegativity of 3.98 on the Pauling scale. Fluorine has the highest EN of any element, yet it never achieves a positive oxidation state. Unlike Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine — which can form +1, +3, +5 and +7 states — Fluorine's extreme electron-pulling power means it cannot act as the less electronegative partner in any bond. It can only pull electrons, never donate them. This is why HF is a weak acid despite Fluorine's extraordinary EN: the H–F bond is so strong (570 kJ/mol) that it resists dissociation in water.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	3.98
Period	2
Group	17
Block	p
Category	Halogen
Atomic Radius	137 pm
EN Rank	1th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Oxygen to its left, lower than Neon to its right in Period 2. Exhibits standard Group 17 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

HF (Polar Covalent)
FO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Neon (Ne) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Neon has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Neon is a noble gas, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Neon, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	2
Group	18
Block	p
Category	Noble Gas
Atomic Radius	121 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Fluorine to its left, lower than Sodium to its right in Period 2. Exhibits standard Group 18 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Sodium (Na) — 0.93 on the Pauling Scale

Sodium has an electronegativity of 0.93 on the Pauling scale. Sodium's low EN of 0.93 explains why it so readily forms ionic bonds. In NaCl, the ΔEN = |3.16 − 0.93| = 2.23 — well above the 1.7 ionic threshold. Sodium's single valence electron sits in a large, diffuse 3s orbital with significant shielding from the ten inner electrons. The nuclear pull on this outer electron is so weak that sodium loses it with a first ionization energy of only 496 kJ/mol — the second lowest of all metals. This is why sodium reacts violently with water.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	0.93
Period	3
Group	1
Block	s
Category	Alkali Metal
Atomic Radius	149 pm
EN Rank	94th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Neon to its left, lower than Magnesium to its right in Period 3. Exhibits standard Group 1 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

NaCl (Ionic Bond)
Na2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Magnesium (Mg) — 1.31 on the Pauling Scale

Magnesium has an electronegativity of 1.31 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.31, Magnesium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.31
Period	3
Group	2
Block	s
Category	Alkaline Earth Metal
Atomic Radius	122 pm
EN Rank	61th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Sodium to its left, lower than Aluminum to its right in Period 3. Exhibits standard Group 2 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

MgCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Mg2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Aluminum (Al) — 1.61 on the Pauling Scale

Aluminum has an electronegativity of 1.61 on the Pauling scale. Aluminum possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.61, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 3 and Group 13 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.61
Period	3
Group	13
Block	p
Category	Post-Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	146 pm
EN Rank	50th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Magnesium to its left, lower than Silicon to its right in Period 3. Exhibits standard Group 13 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

AlCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Al2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Silicon (Si) — 1.9 on the Pauling Scale

Silicon has an electronegativity of 1.9 on the Pauling scale. Silicon possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.9, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 3 and Group 14 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.9
Period	3
Group	14
Block	p
Category	Metalloid
Atomic Radius	136 pm
EN Rank	37th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Aluminum to its left, lower than Phosphorus to its right in Period 3. Exhibits standard Group 14 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

SiCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Si2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Phosphorus (P) — 2.19 on the Pauling Scale

Phosphorus has an electronegativity of 2.19 on the Pauling scale. Phosphorus possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.19, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 3 and Group 15 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.19
Period	3
Group	15
Block	p
Category	Nonmetal
Atomic Radius	113 pm
EN Rank	24th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Silicon to its left, lower than Sulfur to its right in Period 3. Exhibits standard Group 15 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2P (Polar Covalent)
PO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Sulfur (S) — 2.58 on the Pauling Scale

Sulfur has an electronegativity of 2.58 on the Pauling scale. Sulfur's high electronegativity of 2.58 means it predominantly forms polar covalent or ionic bonds when reacting with metals. Its strong effective nuclear charge allows it to dominate the electron cloud in most molecular orbital interactions.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.58
Period	3
Group	16
Block	p
Category	Nonmetal
Atomic Radius	140 pm
EN Rank	9th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Phosphorus to its left, lower than Chlorine to its right in Period 3. Exhibits standard Group 16 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2S (Polar Covalent)
SO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Chlorine (Cl) — 3.16 on the Pauling Scale

Chlorine has an electronegativity of 3.16 on the Pauling scale. Chlorine's high electronegativity of 3.16 means it predominantly forms polar covalent or ionic bonds when reacting with metals. Its strong effective nuclear charge allows it to dominate the electron cloud in most molecular orbital interactions.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	3.16
Period	3
Group	17
Block	p
Category	Halogen
Atomic Radius	115 pm
EN Rank	3th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Sulfur to its left, lower than Argon to its right in Period 3. Exhibits standard Group 17 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

HCl (Polar Covalent)
ClO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Argon (Ar) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Argon has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Argon is a noble gas, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Argon, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	3
Group	18
Block	p
Category	Noble Gas
Atomic Radius	144 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Chlorine to its left, lower than Potassium to its right in Period 3. Exhibits standard Group 18 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Potassium (K) — 0.82 on the Pauling Scale

Potassium has an electronegativity of 0.82 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 0.82, Potassium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	0.82
Period	4
Group	1
Block	s
Category	Alkali Metal
Atomic Radius	122 pm
EN Rank	97th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Argon to its left, lower than Calcium to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 1 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

KCl (Ionic Bond)
K2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Calcium (Ca) — 1 on the Pauling Scale

Calcium has an electronegativity of 1 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1, Calcium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1
Period	4
Group	2
Block	s
Category	Alkaline Earth Metal
Atomic Radius	145 pm
EN Rank	91th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Potassium to its left, lower than Scandium to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 2 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

CaCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Ca2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Scandium (Sc) — 1.36 on the Pauling Scale

Scandium has an electronegativity of 1.36 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.36, Scandium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.36
Period	4
Group	3
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	144 pm
EN Rank	58th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Calcium to its left, lower than Titanium to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

ScCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Sc2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Titanium (Ti) — 1.54 on the Pauling Scale

Titanium has an electronegativity of 1.54 on the Pauling scale. Titanium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.54, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 4 and Group 4 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.54
Period	4
Group	4
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	109 pm
EN Rank	54th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Scandium to its left, lower than Vanadium to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 4 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

TiCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Ti2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Vanadium (V) — 1.63 on the Pauling Scale

Vanadium has an electronegativity of 1.63 on the Pauling scale. Vanadium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.63, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 4 and Group 5 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.63
Period	4
Group	5
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	108 pm
EN Rank	48th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Titanium to its left, lower than Chromium to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 5 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

VCl2 (Ionic Bond)
V2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Chromium (Cr) — 1.66 on the Pauling Scale

Chromium has an electronegativity of 1.66 on the Pauling scale. Chromium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.66, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 4 and Group 6 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.66
Period	4
Group	6
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	121 pm
EN Rank	46th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Vanadium to its left, lower than Manganese to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 6 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

CrCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Cr2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Manganese (Mn) — 1.55 on the Pauling Scale

Manganese has an electronegativity of 1.55 on the Pauling scale. Manganese possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.55, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 4 and Group 7 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.55
Period	4
Group	7
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	147 pm
EN Rank	53th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Chromium to its left, lower than Iron to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 7 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

MnCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Mn2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Iron (Fe) — 1.83 on the Pauling Scale

Iron has an electronegativity of 1.83 on the Pauling scale. Iron possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.83, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 4 and Group 8 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.83
Period	4
Group	8
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	143 pm
EN Rank	42th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Manganese to its left, lower than Cobalt to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 8 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

FeCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Fe2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Cobalt (Co) — 1.88 on the Pauling Scale

Cobalt has an electronegativity of 1.88 on the Pauling scale. Cobalt possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.88, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 4 and Group 9 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.88
Period	4
Group	9
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	136 pm
EN Rank	41th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Iron to its left, lower than Nickel to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 9 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

CoCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Co2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Nickel (Ni) — 1.91 on the Pauling Scale

Nickel has an electronegativity of 1.91 on the Pauling scale. Nickel possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.91, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 4 and Group 10 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.91
Period	4
Group	10
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	140 pm
EN Rank	36th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Cobalt to its left, lower than Copper to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 10 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

NiCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Ni2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Copper (Cu) — 1.9 on the Pauling Scale

Copper has an electronegativity of 1.9 on the Pauling scale. Copper possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.9, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 4 and Group 11 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.9
Period	4
Group	11
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	144 pm
EN Rank	37th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Nickel to its left, lower than Zinc to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 11 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

CuCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Cu2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Zinc (Zn) — 1.65 on the Pauling Scale

Zinc has an electronegativity of 1.65 on the Pauling scale. Zinc possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.65, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 4 and Group 12 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.65
Period	4
Group	12
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	141 pm
EN Rank	47th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Copper to its left, lower than Gallium to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 12 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

ZnCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Zn2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Gallium (Ga) — 1.81 on the Pauling Scale

Gallium has an electronegativity of 1.81 on the Pauling scale. Gallium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.81, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 4 and Group 13 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.81
Period	4
Group	13
Block	p
Category	Post-Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	128 pm
EN Rank	43th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Zinc to its left, lower than Germanium to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 13 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

GaCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Ga2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Germanium (Ge) — 2.01 on the Pauling Scale

Germanium has an electronegativity of 2.01 on the Pauling scale. Germanium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.01, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 4 and Group 14 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.01
Period	4
Group	14
Block	p
Category	Metalloid
Atomic Radius	147 pm
EN Rank	31th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Gallium to its left, lower than Arsenic to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 14 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

GeCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Ge2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Arsenic (As) — 2.18 on the Pauling Scale

Arsenic has an electronegativity of 2.18 on the Pauling scale. Arsenic possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.18, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 4 and Group 15 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.18
Period	4
Group	15
Block	p
Category	Metalloid
Atomic Radius	105 pm
EN Rank	25th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Germanium to its left, lower than Selenium to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 15 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

AsCl2 (Ionic Bond)
As2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Selenium (Se) — 2.55 on the Pauling Scale

Selenium has an electronegativity of 2.55 on the Pauling scale. Selenium's high electronegativity of 2.55 means it predominantly forms polar covalent or ionic bonds when reacting with metals. Its strong effective nuclear charge allows it to dominate the electron cloud in most molecular orbital interactions.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.55
Period	4
Group	16
Block	p
Category	Nonmetal
Atomic Radius	105 pm
EN Rank	10th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Arsenic to its left, lower than Bromine to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 16 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Se (Polar Covalent)
SeO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Bromine (Br) — 2.96 on the Pauling Scale

Bromine has an electronegativity of 2.96 on the Pauling scale. Bromine's high electronegativity of 2.96 means it predominantly forms polar covalent or ionic bonds when reacting with metals. Its strong effective nuclear charge allows it to dominate the electron cloud in most molecular orbital interactions.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.96
Period	4
Group	17
Block	p
Category	Halogen
Atomic Radius	117 pm
EN Rank	6th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Selenium to its left, lower than Krypton to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 17 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

HBr (Polar Covalent)
BrO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Krypton (Kr) — 3 on the Pauling Scale

Krypton has an electronegativity of 3 on the Pauling scale. Krypton's high electronegativity of 3 means it predominantly forms polar covalent or ionic bonds when reacting with metals. Its strong effective nuclear charge allows it to dominate the electron cloud in most molecular orbital interactions.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	3
Period	4
Group	18
Block	p
Category	Noble Gas
Atomic Radius	135 pm
EN Rank	5th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Bromine to its left, lower than Rubidium to its right in Period 4. Exhibits standard Group 18 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Kr (Polar Covalent)
KrO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Rubidium (Rb) — 0.82 on the Pauling Scale

Rubidium has an electronegativity of 0.82 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 0.82, Rubidium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	0.82
Period	5
Group	1
Block	s
Category	Alkali Metal
Atomic Radius	107 pm
EN Rank	97th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Krypton to its left, lower than Strontium to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 1 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

RbCl (Ionic Bond)
Rb2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Strontium (Sr) — 0.95 on the Pauling Scale

Strontium has an electronegativity of 0.95 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 0.95, Strontium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	0.95
Period	5
Group	2
Block	s
Category	Alkaline Earth Metal
Atomic Radius	149 pm
EN Rank	93th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Rubidium to its left, lower than Yttrium to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 2 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

SrCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Sr2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Yttrium (Y) — 1.22 on the Pauling Scale

Yttrium has an electronegativity of 1.22 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.22, Yttrium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.22
Period	5
Group	3
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	106 pm
EN Rank	77th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Strontium to its left, lower than Zirconium to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

YCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Y2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Zirconium (Zr) — 1.33 on the Pauling Scale

Zirconium has an electronegativity of 1.33 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.33, Zirconium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.33
Period	5
Group	4
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	126 pm
EN Rank	60th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Yttrium to its left, lower than Niobium to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 4 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

ZrCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Zr2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Niobium (Nb) — 1.6 on the Pauling Scale

Niobium has an electronegativity of 1.6 on the Pauling scale. Niobium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.6, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 5 and Group 5 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.6
Period	5
Group	5
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	129 pm
EN Rank	51th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Zirconium to its left, lower than Molybdenum to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 5 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

NbCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Nb2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Molybdenum (Mo) — 2.16 on the Pauling Scale

Molybdenum has an electronegativity of 2.16 on the Pauling scale. Molybdenum possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.16, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 5 and Group 6 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.16
Period	5
Group	6
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	100 pm
EN Rank	26th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Niobium to its left, lower than Technetium to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 6 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

MoCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Mo2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Technetium (Tc) — 1.9 on the Pauling Scale

Technetium has an electronegativity of 1.9 on the Pauling scale. Technetium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.9, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 5 and Group 7 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.9
Period	5
Group	7
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	146 pm
EN Rank	37th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Molybdenum to its left, lower than Ruthenium to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 7 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

TcCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Tc2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Ruthenium (Ru) — 2.2 on the Pauling Scale

Ruthenium has an electronegativity of 2.2 on the Pauling scale. Ruthenium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.2, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 5 and Group 8 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.2
Period	5
Group	8
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	132 pm
EN Rank	17th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Technetium to its left, lower than Rhodium to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 8 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

RuCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Ru2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Rhodium (Rh) — 2.28 on the Pauling Scale

Rhodium has an electronegativity of 2.28 on the Pauling scale. Rhodium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.28, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 5 and Group 9 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.28
Period	5
Group	9
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	124 pm
EN Rank	15th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Ruthenium to its left, lower than Palladium to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 9 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

RhCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Rh2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Palladium (Pd) — 2.2 on the Pauling Scale

Palladium has an electronegativity of 2.2 on the Pauling scale. Palladium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.2, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 5 and Group 10 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.2
Period	5
Group	10
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	148 pm
EN Rank	17th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Rhodium to its left, lower than Silver to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 10 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

PdCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Pd2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Silver (Ag) — 1.93 on the Pauling Scale

Silver has an electronegativity of 1.93 on the Pauling scale. Silver possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.93, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 5 and Group 11 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.93
Period	5
Group	11
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	135 pm
EN Rank	35th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Palladium to its left, lower than Cadmium to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 11 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

AgCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Ag2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Cadmium (Cd) — 1.69 on the Pauling Scale

Cadmium has an electronegativity of 1.69 on the Pauling scale. Cadmium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.69, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 5 and Group 12 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.69
Period	5
Group	12
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	107 pm
EN Rank	45th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Silver to its left, lower than Indium to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 12 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

CdCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Cd2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Indium (In) — 1.78 on the Pauling Scale

Indium has an electronegativity of 1.78 on the Pauling scale. Indium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.78, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 5 and Group 13 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.78
Period	5
Group	13
Block	p
Category	Post-Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	120 pm
EN Rank	44th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Cadmium to its left, lower than Tin to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 13 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

InCl2 (Ionic Bond)
In2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Tin (Sn) — 1.96 on the Pauling Scale

Tin has an electronegativity of 1.96 on the Pauling scale. Tin possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.96, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 5 and Group 14 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.96
Period	5
Group	14
Block	p
Category	Post-Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	106 pm
EN Rank	34th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Indium to its left, lower than Antimony to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 14 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

SnCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Sn2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Antimony (Sb) — 2.05 on the Pauling Scale

Antimony has an electronegativity of 2.05 on the Pauling scale. Antimony possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.05, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 5 and Group 15 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.05
Period	5
Group	15
Block	p
Category	Metalloid
Atomic Radius	139 pm
EN Rank	28th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Tin to its left, lower than Tellurium to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 15 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

SbCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Sb2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Tellurium (Te) — 2.1 on the Pauling Scale

Tellurium has an electronegativity of 2.1 on the Pauling scale. Tellurium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.1, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 5 and Group 16 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.1
Period	5
Group	16
Block	p
Category	Metalloid
Atomic Radius	100 pm
EN Rank	27th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Antimony to its left, lower than Iodine to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 16 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

TeCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Te2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Iodine (I) — 2.66 on the Pauling Scale

Iodine has an electronegativity of 2.66 on the Pauling scale. Iodine's high electronegativity of 2.66 means it predominantly forms polar covalent or ionic bonds when reacting with metals. Its strong effective nuclear charge allows it to dominate the electron cloud in most molecular orbital interactions.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.66
Period	5
Group	17
Block	p
Category	Halogen
Atomic Radius	138 pm
EN Rank	7th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Tellurium to its left, lower than Xenon to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 17 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

HI (Polar Covalent)
IO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Xenon (Xe) — 2.6 on the Pauling Scale

Xenon has an electronegativity of 2.6 on the Pauling scale. Xenon's high electronegativity of 2.6 means it predominantly forms polar covalent or ionic bonds when reacting with metals. Its strong effective nuclear charge allows it to dominate the electron cloud in most molecular orbital interactions.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.6
Period	5
Group	18
Block	p
Category	Noble Gas
Atomic Radius	136 pm
EN Rank	8th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Iodine to its left, lower than Cesium to its right in Period 5. Exhibits standard Group 18 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Xe (Polar Covalent)
XeO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Cesium (Cs) — 0.79 on the Pauling Scale

Cesium has an electronegativity of 0.79 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 0.79, Cesium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	0.79
Period	6
Group	1
Block	s
Category	Alkali Metal
Atomic Radius	146 pm
EN Rank	99th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Xenon to its left, lower than Barium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 1 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

CsCl (Ionic Bond)
Cs2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Barium (Ba) — 0.89 on the Pauling Scale

Barium has an electronegativity of 0.89 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 0.89, Barium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	0.89
Period	6
Group	2
Block	s
Category	Alkaline Earth Metal
Atomic Radius	108 pm
EN Rank	96th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Cesium to its left, lower than Lanthanum to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 2 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

BaCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Ba2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Lanthanum (La) — 1.1 on the Pauling Scale

Lanthanum has an electronegativity of 1.1 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.1, Lanthanum acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.1
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	129 pm
EN Rank	87th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Barium to its left, lower than Cerium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2La (Polar Covalent)
LaO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Cerium (Ce) — 1.12 on the Pauling Scale

Cerium has an electronegativity of 1.12 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.12, Cerium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.12
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	128 pm
EN Rank	86th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Lanthanum to its left, lower than Praseodymium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Ce (Polar Covalent)
CeO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Praseodymium (Pr) — 1.13 on the Pauling Scale

Praseodymium has an electronegativity of 1.13 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.13, Praseodymium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.13
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	112 pm
EN Rank	83th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Cerium to its left, lower than Neodymium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Pr (Polar Covalent)
PrO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Neodymium (Nd) — 1.14 on the Pauling Scale

Neodymium has an electronegativity of 1.14 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.14, Neodymium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.14
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	117 pm
EN Rank	82th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Praseodymium to its left, lower than Promethium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Nd (Polar Covalent)
NdO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Promethium (Pm) — 1.13 on the Pauling Scale

Promethium has an electronegativity of 1.13 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.13, Promethium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.13
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	134 pm
EN Rank	83th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Neodymium to its left, lower than Samarium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Pm (Polar Covalent)
PmO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Samarium (Sm) — 1.17 on the Pauling Scale

Samarium has an electronegativity of 1.17 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.17, Samarium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.17
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	123 pm
EN Rank	81th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Promethium to its left, lower than Europium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Sm (Polar Covalent)
SmO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Europium (Eu) — 1.2 on the Pauling Scale

Europium has an electronegativity of 1.2 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.2, Europium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.2
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	140 pm
EN Rank	79th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Samarium to its left, lower than Gadolinium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Eu (Polar Covalent)
EuO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Gadolinium (Gd) — 1.2 on the Pauling Scale

Gadolinium has an electronegativity of 1.2 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.2, Gadolinium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.2
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	139 pm
EN Rank	79th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Europium to its left, lower than Terbium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Gd (Polar Covalent)
GdO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Terbium (Tb) — 1.1 on the Pauling Scale

Terbium has an electronegativity of 1.1 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.1, Terbium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.1
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	104 pm
EN Rank	87th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Gadolinium to its left, lower than Dysprosium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Tb (Polar Covalent)
TbO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Dysprosium (Dy) — 1.22 on the Pauling Scale

Dysprosium has an electronegativity of 1.22 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.22, Dysprosium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.22
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	108 pm
EN Rank	77th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Terbium to its left, lower than Holmium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Dy (Polar Covalent)
DyO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Holmium (Ho) — 1.23 on the Pauling Scale

Holmium has an electronegativity of 1.23 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.23, Holmium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.23
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	137 pm
EN Rank	76th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Dysprosium to its left, lower than Erbium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Ho (Polar Covalent)
HoO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Erbium (Er) — 1.24 on the Pauling Scale

Erbium has an electronegativity of 1.24 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.24, Erbium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.24
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	106 pm
EN Rank	75th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Holmium to its left, lower than Thulium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Er (Polar Covalent)
ErO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Thulium (Tm) — 1.25 on the Pauling Scale

Thulium has an electronegativity of 1.25 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.25, Thulium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.25
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	128 pm
EN Rank	74th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Erbium to its left, lower than Ytterbium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Tm (Polar Covalent)
TmO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Ytterbium (Yb) — 1.1 on the Pauling Scale

Ytterbium has an electronegativity of 1.1 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.1, Ytterbium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.1
Period	6
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	128 pm
EN Rank	87th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Thulium to its left, lower than Lutetium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Yb (Polar Covalent)
YbO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Lutetium (Lu) — 1.27 on the Pauling Scale

Lutetium has an electronegativity of 1.27 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.27, Lutetium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.27
Period	6
Group	3
Block	d
Category	Lanthanide
Atomic Radius	131 pm
EN Rank	73th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Ytterbium to its left, lower than Hafnium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Lu (Polar Covalent)
LuO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Hafnium (Hf) — 1.3 on the Pauling Scale

Hafnium has an electronegativity of 1.3 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.3, Hafnium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.3
Period	6
Group	4
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	143 pm
EN Rank	62th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Lutetium to its left, lower than Tantalum to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 4 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

HfCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Hf2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Tantalum (Ta) — 1.5 on the Pauling Scale

Tantalum has an electronegativity of 1.5 on the Pauling scale. Tantalum possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.5, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 6 and Group 5 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.5
Period	6
Group	5
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	123 pm
EN Rank	55th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Hafnium to its left, lower than Tungsten to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 5 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

TaCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Ta2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Tungsten (W) — 2.36 on the Pauling Scale

Tungsten has an electronegativity of 2.36 on the Pauling scale. Tungsten possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.36, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 6 and Group 6 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.36
Period	6
Group	6
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	134 pm
EN Rank	13th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Tantalum to its left, lower than Rhenium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 6 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

WCl2 (Ionic Bond)
W2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Rhenium (Re) — 1.9 on the Pauling Scale

Rhenium has an electronegativity of 1.9 on the Pauling scale. Rhenium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.9, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 6 and Group 7 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.9
Period	6
Group	7
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	142 pm
EN Rank	37th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Tungsten to its left, lower than Osmium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 7 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

ReCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Re2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Osmium (Os) — 2.2 on the Pauling Scale

Osmium has an electronegativity of 2.2 on the Pauling scale. Osmium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.2, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 6 and Group 8 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.2
Period	6
Group	8
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	117 pm
EN Rank	17th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Rhenium to its left, lower than Iridium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 8 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

OsCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Os2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Iridium (Ir) — 2.2 on the Pauling Scale

Iridium has an electronegativity of 2.2 on the Pauling scale. Iridium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.2, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 6 and Group 9 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.2
Period	6
Group	9
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	106 pm
EN Rank	17th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Osmium to its left, lower than Platinum to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 9 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

IrCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Ir2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Platinum (Pt) — 2.28 on the Pauling Scale

Platinum has an electronegativity of 2.28 on the Pauling scale. Platinum possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.28, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 6 and Group 10 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.28
Period	6
Group	10
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	117 pm
EN Rank	15th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Iridium to its left, lower than Gold to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 10 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

PtCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Pt2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Gold (Au) — 2.54 on the Pauling Scale

Gold has an electronegativity of 2.54 on the Pauling scale. Gold's high electronegativity of 2.54 means it predominantly forms polar covalent or ionic bonds when reacting with metals. Its strong effective nuclear charge allows it to dominate the electron cloud in most molecular orbital interactions.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.54
Period	6
Group	11
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	123 pm
EN Rank	12th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Platinum to its left, lower than Mercury to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 11 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

AuCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Au2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Mercury (Hg) — 2 on the Pauling Scale

Mercury has an electronegativity of 2 on the Pauling scale. Mercury possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 6 and Group 12 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2
Period	6
Group	12
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	145 pm
EN Rank	32th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Gold to its left, lower than Thallium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 12 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

HgCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Hg2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Thallium (Tl) — 1.62 on the Pauling Scale

Thallium has an electronegativity of 1.62 on the Pauling scale. Thallium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.62, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 6 and Group 13 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.62
Period	6
Group	13
Block	p
Category	Post-Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	124 pm
EN Rank	49th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Mercury to its left, lower than Lead to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 13 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

TlCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Tl2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Lead (Pb) — 2.33 on the Pauling Scale

Lead has an electronegativity of 2.33 on the Pauling scale. Lead possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.33, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 6 and Group 14 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.33
Period	6
Group	14
Block	p
Category	Post-Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	111 pm
EN Rank	14th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Thallium to its left, lower than Bismuth to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 14 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

PbCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Pb2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Bismuth (Bi) — 2.02 on the Pauling Scale

Bismuth has an electronegativity of 2.02 on the Pauling scale. Bismuth possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.02, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 6 and Group 15 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.02
Period	6
Group	15
Block	p
Category	Post-Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	111 pm
EN Rank	30th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Lead to its left, lower than Polonium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 15 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

BiCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Bi2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Polonium (Po) — 2 on the Pauling Scale

Polonium has an electronegativity of 2 on the Pauling scale. Polonium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 6 and Group 16 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2
Period	6
Group	16
Block	p
Category	Metalloid
Atomic Radius	136 pm
EN Rank	32th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Bismuth to its left, lower than Astatine to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 16 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

PoCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Po2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Astatine (At) — 2.2 on the Pauling Scale

Astatine has an electronegativity of 2.2 on the Pauling scale. Astatine possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.2, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 6 and Group 17 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.2
Period	6
Group	17
Block	p
Category	Halogen
Atomic Radius	103 pm
EN Rank	17th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Polonium to its left, lower than Radon to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 17 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

HAt (Polar Covalent)
AtO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Radon (Rn) — 2.2 on the Pauling Scale

Radon has an electronegativity of 2.2 on the Pauling scale. Radon possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 2.2, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 6 and Group 18 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	2.2
Period	6
Group	18
Block	p
Category	Noble Gas
Atomic Radius	130 pm
EN Rank	17th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Astatine to its left, lower than Francium to its right in Period 6. Exhibits standard Group 18 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Rn (Polar Covalent)
RnO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Francium (Fr) — 0.7 on the Pauling Scale

Francium has an electronegativity of 0.7 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 0.7, Francium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	0.7
Period	7
Group	1
Block	s
Category	Alkali Metal
Atomic Radius	125 pm
EN Rank	100th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Radon to its left, lower than Radium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 1 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

FrCl (Ionic Bond)
Fr2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Radium (Ra) — 0.9 on the Pauling Scale

Radium has an electronegativity of 0.9 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 0.9, Radium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	0.9
Period	7
Group	2
Block	s
Category	Alkaline Earth Metal
Atomic Radius	125 pm
EN Rank	95th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Francium to its left, lower than Actinium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 2 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

RaCl2 (Ionic Bond)
Ra2O (Basic Oxide)

Electronegativity of Actinium (Ac) — 1.1 on the Pauling Scale

Actinium has an electronegativity of 1.1 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.1, Actinium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.1
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	119 pm
EN Rank	87th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Radium to its left, lower than Thorium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Ac (Polar Covalent)
AcO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Thorium (Th) — 1.3 on the Pauling Scale

Thorium has an electronegativity of 1.3 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.3, Thorium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.3
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	126 pm
EN Rank	62th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Actinium to its left, lower than Protactinium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Th (Polar Covalent)
ThO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Protactinium (Pa) — 1.5 on the Pauling Scale

Protactinium has an electronegativity of 1.5 on the Pauling scale. Protactinium possesses an intermediate electronegativity of 1.5, allowing it to form versatile polar covalent bonds. Its position in Period 7 and Group 3 gives it a balanced effective nuclear charge that is frequently tested in coordination chemistry contexts.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.5
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	121 pm
EN Rank	55th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Thorium to its left, lower than Uranium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Pa (Polar Covalent)
PaO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Uranium (U) — 1.38 on the Pauling Scale

Uranium has an electronegativity of 1.38 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.38, Uranium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.38
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	134 pm
EN Rank	57th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Protactinium to its left, lower than Neptunium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2U (Polar Covalent)
UO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Neptunium (Np) — 1.36 on the Pauling Scale

Neptunium has an electronegativity of 1.36 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.36, Neptunium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.36
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	116 pm
EN Rank	58th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Uranium to its left, lower than Plutonium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Np (Polar Covalent)
NpO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Plutonium (Pu) — 1.28 on the Pauling Scale

Plutonium has an electronegativity of 1.28 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.28, Plutonium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.28
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	126 pm
EN Rank	71th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Neptunium to its left, lower than Americium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Pu (Polar Covalent)
PuO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Americium (Am) — 1.13 on the Pauling Scale

Americium has an electronegativity of 1.13 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.13, Americium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.13
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	104 pm
EN Rank	83th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Plutonium to its left, lower than Curium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Am (Polar Covalent)
AmO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Curium (Cm) — 1.28 on the Pauling Scale

Curium has an electronegativity of 1.28 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.28, Curium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.28
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	115 pm
EN Rank	71th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Americium to its left, lower than Berkelium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Cm (Polar Covalent)
CmO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Berkelium (Bk) — 1.3 on the Pauling Scale

Berkelium has an electronegativity of 1.3 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.3, Berkelium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.3
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	109 pm
EN Rank	62th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Curium to its left, lower than Californium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Bk (Polar Covalent)
BkO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Californium (Cf) — 1.3 on the Pauling Scale

Californium has an electronegativity of 1.3 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.3, Californium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.3
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	110 pm
EN Rank	62th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Berkelium to its left, lower than Einsteinium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Cf (Polar Covalent)
CfO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Einsteinium (Es) — 1.3 on the Pauling Scale

Einsteinium has an electronegativity of 1.3 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.3, Einsteinium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.3
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	104 pm
EN Rank	62th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Californium to its left, lower than Fermium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Es (Polar Covalent)
EsO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Fermium (Fm) — 1.3 on the Pauling Scale

Fermium has an electronegativity of 1.3 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.3, Fermium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.3
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	126 pm
EN Rank	62th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Einsteinium to its left, lower than Mendelevium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Fm (Polar Covalent)
FmO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Mendelevium (Md) — 1.3 on the Pauling Scale

Mendelevium has an electronegativity of 1.3 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.3, Mendelevium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.3
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	108 pm
EN Rank	62th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Fermium to its left, lower than Nobelium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Md (Polar Covalent)
MdO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Nobelium (No) — 1.3 on the Pauling Scale

Nobelium has an electronegativity of 1.3 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.3, Nobelium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.3
Period	7
Group	3
Block	f
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	126 pm
EN Rank	62th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Mendelevium to its left, lower than Lawrencium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2No (Polar Covalent)
NoO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Lawrencium (Lr) — 1.3 on the Pauling Scale

Lawrencium has an electronegativity of 1.3 on the Pauling scale. With a low electronegativity of 1.3, Lawrencium acts as an electron donor in almost all its chemical interactions. Its valence electrons are highly shielded from the nucleus, leading to a strong tendency to form ionic cations rather than sharing electrons.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	1.3
Period	7
Group	3
Block	d
Category	Actinide
Atomic Radius	106 pm
EN Rank	62th highest

Trend Context

Higher than Nobelium to its left, lower than Rutherfordium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 3 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

H2Lr (Polar Covalent)
LrO2 (Covalent Oxide)

Electronegativity of Rutherfordium (Rf) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Rutherfordium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Rutherfordium is a transition metal, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Rutherfordium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	4
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	150 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Lawrencium to its left, lower than Dubnium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 4 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Dubnium (Db) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Dubnium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Dubnium is a transition metal, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Dubnium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	5
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	128 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Rutherfordium to its left, lower than Seaborgium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 5 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Seaborgium (Sg) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Seaborgium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Seaborgium is a transition metal, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Seaborgium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	6
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	135 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Dubnium to its left, lower than Bohrium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 6 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Bohrium (Bh) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Bohrium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Bohrium is a transition metal, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Bohrium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	7
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	134 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Seaborgium to its left, lower than Hassium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 7 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Hassium (Hs) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Hassium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Hassium is a transition metal, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Hassium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	8
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	108 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Bohrium to its left, lower than Meitnerium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 8 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Meitnerium (Mt) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Meitnerium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Meitnerium is a transition metal, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Meitnerium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	9
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	134 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Hassium to its left, lower than Darmstadtium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 9 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Darmstadtium (Ds) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Darmstadtium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Darmstadtium is a transition metal, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Darmstadtium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	10
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	136 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Meitnerium to its left, lower than Roentgenium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 10 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Roentgenium (Rg) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Roentgenium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Roentgenium is a transition metal, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Roentgenium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	11
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	101 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Darmstadtium to its left, lower than Copernicium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 11 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Copernicium (Cn) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Copernicium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Copernicium is a transition metal, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Copernicium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	12
Block	d
Category	Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	123 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Roentgenium to its left, lower than Nihonium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 12 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Nihonium (Nh) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Nihonium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Nihonium is a post-transition metal, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Nihonium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	13
Block	p
Category	Post-Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	136 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Copernicium to its left, lower than Flerovium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 13 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Flerovium (Fl) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Flerovium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Flerovium is a post-transition metal, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Flerovium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	14
Block	p
Category	Post-Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	109 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Nihonium to its left, lower than Moscovium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 14 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Moscovium (Mc) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Moscovium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Moscovium is a post-transition metal, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Moscovium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	15
Block	p
Category	Post-Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	118 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Flerovium to its left, lower than Livermorium to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 15 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Livermorium (Lv) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Livermorium has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Livermorium is a post-transition metal, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Livermorium, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	16
Block	p
Category	Post-Transition Metal
Atomic Radius	111 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Moscovium to its left, lower than Tennessine to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 16 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Tennessine (Ts) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Tennessine has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Tennessine is a halogen, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Tennessine, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	17
Block	p
Category	Halogen
Atomic Radius	114 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Higher than Livermorium to its left, lower than Oganesson to its right in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 17 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies

Electronegativity of Oganesson (Og) — N/A on the Pauling Scale

Oganesson has an electronegativity of N/A on the Pauling scale. Because Oganesson is a noble gas, it typically does not form standard covalent bonds in a way that allows for an empirically measured Pauling electronegativity value. For synthetic superheavy elements or noble gases like Oganesson, chemical behavior is often predicted via relativistic quantum chemistry rather than simple Pauling scales.

Property	Value
Pauling EN	N/A
Period	7
Group	18
Block	p
Category	Noble Gas
Atomic Radius	143 pm
EN Rank	Unranked

Trend Context

Occupies the extreme position in Period 7. Exhibits standard Group 18 shielding effects.

Bond Applications

Theoretical superheavy chemistry
Relativistic orbital studies